Cov ntaub ntawv crystalline yog cov khoom siv uas muaj cov khoom siv crystalline uas muaj pawg ntawm atoms, ions, molecules los yog cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thiab tsis tu ncua. Ib qho siv lead ua ib leeg yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm ib qho siv lead ua, uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, xws li pob zeb diamond siv lead ua, los yog tuaj yeem ua khoom siv, xws li germanium thiab silicon ib leeg muaju. Ib tug siv lead ua ib leeg yog zus los ntawm ib tug nucleus, thiab tag nrho nws cov hlwb nyob rau hauv tib lub orientation, yog li muaj anisotropy.
Cov duab hauv qab no qhia txog cov yam ntxwv morphological thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm CsPbBr3 ib leeg muaju nrog anisotropy:
1. Kev txwv tus kheej: piv txwv li, ib qho khoom siv lead ua muaj lub siab nyiam ua rau qee yam geometrical polyhedra thaum ua tau
2. Homogeneity: piv txwv li, qhov sib txawv ntawm tib lub pob zeb siv lead ua muaj tib yam macroscopic zog
3. Symmetry: piv txwv li, ib qho crystals nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev taw qhia ntawm nws cov duab thiab lub cev lub cev yog tib yam
4. Anisotropy: piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv ntawm ib leeg siv lead ua feem ntau muaj cov khoom sib txawv ntawm lub cev
5. Lub zog me me thiab ruaj khov loj: piv txwv li, lub xeev amorphous ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau lub xeev crystalline.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju los ntawm cov yaj yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb rau kev npaj cov pob zeb loj loj thiab cov pob zeb ib leeg ntawm cov duab tshwj xeeb.
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv lead ua uas xav tau hauv kev siv niaj hnub no xws li electronics thiab optics yog npaj los ntawm kev loj hlob yaj, xws li ib leeg siv lead ua silicon, GaAs (gallium nitride), LiNbO3 (lithium niobate), Nd: YAG (neodymium-doped ytterbium aluminium). garnet), Al2O3 (dawb gemstone) thiab tej yam alkaline ntiaj teb hlau thiab halogenated tebchaw ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, thiab lwm yam.
Piv nrog rau lwm txoj kev, yaj kev loj hlob feem ntau muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev loj hlob sai thiab siab purity thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov muaju. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yooj yim ntawm kev loj hlob siv lead ua los ntawm txoj kev yaj yog yaj cov khoom siv rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua thiab solidify nws mus rau hauv ib qho siv lead ua nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Lub melting ntawm raw khoom thiab solidification ntawm melting yog ob kauj ruam loj.
Lub yaj yuav tsum tau solidified nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv kev tswj tej yam kev mob, thiab cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov khoom-kua interface. Yuav kom loj hlob muaju nyob rau hauv lub yaj, qhov kub ntawm lub system yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub equilibrium kub. Lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas qhov system kub nyob rau hauv lub equilibrium kub ua subcooling.
Tus nqi ntawm subcooling yog qhov degree ntawm subcooling, uas qhia qhov loj ntawm subcooling ntawm lub system. Qhov degree ntawm subcooling yog lub zog tsav rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua hauv txoj kev yaj. Rau qee yam khoom siv crystalline, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov siv lead ua ntawm qee qhov kev sib tw ntawm subcooling yog qhov txheeb ze ntawm qhov kub thiab txias gradient ntawm cov siv lead ua thiab cov yaj.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju los ntawm kev daws teeb meem muaj keeb kwm ntev tshaj plaws thiab tau siv dav. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no yog kom yaj cov raw khoom solute nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav thiab ua kom tsim nyog ntsuas los ua ib tug supersaturated lub xeev ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas cov muaju yog zus. Txoj kev daws teeb meem muaj qhov zoo hauv qab no:
1. Crystals tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab lawv qhov melting point. Muaj ntau cov crystals uas decompose hauv qab lawv cov ntsiab lus melting los yog tsis xav tau crystallographic hloov pauv, thiab qee qhov muaj lub siab vapor siab thaum melting. Cov tshuaj tso cai rau cov crystals loj hlob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yog li zam cov teeb meem saum toj no. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw tshav kub thiab cov hlab ntsha loj hlob rau kev ua kom cov pob zeb loj hlob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov yooj yim rau kev xaiv.2. Txo viscosity. Qee cov crystals yog viscous heev nyob rau hauv lub xeev molten thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim muaju thiab ua glassy thaum lawv txias.
3. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom loj hlob mus rau hauv loj, niaj hnub siv lead ua nrog ib tug tiav zoo.
4. nyob rau hauv feem ntau, cov txheej txheem siv lead ua kev loj hlob tuaj yeem pom ncaj qha, uas pab txhawb kev kawm txog kev loj hlob siv lead ua kinetics. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev daws teeb meem yog ntau yam, qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua, kev loj hlob qeeb, thiab lub sij hawm ntev (feem ntau nws yuav siv li kaum hnub lossis ntau tshaj ib xyoos).
Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum muaj kev ua haujlwm siab hauv kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua. Qhov tsim nyog mob rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua los ntawm txoj kev daws teeb meem: qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yog ntau dua li qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntsuas kub, piv txwv li qhov degree ntawm supersaturation. Lub zog tsav yog lub degree ntawm supersaturation.
Txoj kev daws teeb meem kub kub yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob muaju thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev siv thaum ntxov alchemy. Loj hlob crystals los ntawm kev daws los yog molten ntsev hnyav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tso cai rau cov theem solute kom loj hlob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab nws qhov melting point. Txoj kev no muaj cov hauv qab no zoo dua lwm txoj kev:
1. muaj zog applicability, tsuav yog koj nrhiav tau qhov tsim nyog flux los yog ua ke ntawm fluxes, koj muaj peev xwm loj hlob ib leeg muaju.
2. ntau refractory tebchaw thiab nyob rau hauv lub melting point yog heev volatile los yog kub kub thaum hloov nyob rau hauv tus nqi los yog theem hloov cov ntaub ntawv, raws li zoo raws li cov uas tsis yog-zoo tib yam molten tebchaw, tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha los ntawm cov yaj kom loj hlob los yog tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob. ib tug ua tiav high-zoo ib leeg muaju, flux txoj kev vim kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tsis tshua muaj kub, uas qhia cov flux txoj kev qhia ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm vim qhov kev loj hlob tsis tshua muaj kub.
Disadvantages ntawm crystal npaj los ntawm molten ntsev txoj kev:
qeeb crystal kev loj hlob; tsis yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam; fluxes feem ntau yog tshuaj lom; me me siv lead ua loj; kev sib nrig sib paug los ntawm ntau yam fluxes.
Txoj kev no tsim nyog rau kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
(1) cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntsiab lus melting siab;
(2) cov ntaub ntawv nrog theem hloov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias;
(3) cov khoom siv nrog lub siab vapor siab hauv cov khoom. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: Cov txheej txheem kub-kub yog cov khoom siv crystalline yaj nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog flux nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias los tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tib yam li cov txheej txheem hauv chav sov. Txawm li cas los xij, kev xaiv ntawm flux thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm theem kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev loj hlob ntawm crystals nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kub kub.
Cov txheej txheem hu ua roj-theem rau kev loj hlob siv lead ua yog hloov cov khoom siv lead ua kom loj hlob mus rau hauv cov roj theem los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm sublimation, evaporation thiab decomposition, thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau nws dhau los ua saturated vapor los ntawm cov xwm txheej tsim nyog thiab loj hlob mus rau hauv siv lead ua los ntawm condensation thiab. crystallization. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob siv lead ua los ntawm txoj kev roj theem yog:
1. siab purity ntawm zus muaju;
2. kev ncaj ncees zoo ntawm cov noob muaju;
3. qeeb kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju;
4. ib tug series ntawm yam uas nyuaj rau tswj, xws li kub gradient, supersaturation ratio, txaus tus nqi ntawm cov nqa roj, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, cov roj theem txoj kev yog tsuas yog siv rau whisker kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm epitaxial films (homogeneous thiab heterogeneous epitaxy), thaum txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj muaj nws qhov tsis zoo.
Txoj kev vapor theem tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: Lub cev
Vapor Deposition (PVD): kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polycrystalline rau hauv ib qho crystals los ntawm lub cev coalescence, xws li sublimation-condensation, molecular beam epitaxy thiab cathodic sputtering;
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polycrystalline rau hauv ib lub crystals los ntawm cov roj theem los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, xws li cov txheej txheem thauj tshuaj, cov txheej txheem roj decomposition, roj synthesis txoj kev thiab MOCVD txoj kev.
Lub zog siab dua, corrosion kuj, hluav taws xob conductivity thiab lwm yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam. Cov ntaub ntawv crystalline tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus, cov khoom sib nqus, cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, lub cim xeeb kho qhov muag, kev sib cais kho qhov muag, kho qhov muag thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab optoelectronic, kev tshawb pom infrared, infrared sensors, computer technology, laser thiab optical kev sib txuas lus technology, infrared. tej thaj chaw deb sensing technology thiab lwm yam high-tech teb.
Peb cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv lead ua feem ntau suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom thiab kev siv ntawm cov khoom siv laser, nonlinear optical crystals, pyroelectric crystals, piezoelectric crystals, laser self-frequency-doubling crystals, electro-optical crystals, semiconductor crystals, hlau monolithic crystals, thiab lwm yam. ., nrog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua tshiab thiab kev loj hlob technologies.
Tam sim no, peb tsuas yog tsim cov hlau ib leeg los ntawm cov tshuaj vapor deposition thiab lub cev vapor deposition txoj kev, ntxiv rau, vim peb tus kheej cov khoom tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob xav tau thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm peb cov neeg siv khoom kev tshawb fawb, peb ua tus neeg sawv cev rau ntau yam. cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws siv lead ua rau kev muag khoom, tuaj yeem hloov kho rau ntau qhov sib txawv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv lead ua rau koj qhov kev tshawb fawb, yog tias koj muaj cov khoom xav tau hauv qab no, thov hu rau peb kom paub ntau ntxiv.
Semiconductor Crystal
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob
Photocrystal
Infrared Crystal
Laser muaju
Hlau Crystals
Cigar Crystals
Nonlinear Optical Crystals
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